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(詳細はIncome inequality in the United States has grown significantly since the early 1970s,〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Burtless, G. (January 11, 200). Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased?. ''The Brookings Institution''. )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Shaprio, E. (October 17, 2005). New IRS Data Show Income Inequality Is Again of The Rise. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities )〕 after several decades of stability,〔Piketty, Thomas (2014). ''Capital in the Twenty-First Century.'' Belknap Press. ISBN 067443000X ''"The Explosion of US Inequality after 1980"'': pp. 294–96.〕 and has been the subject of study of many scholars and institutions. The U.S. consistently exhibits higher rates of income inequality than most developed nations due to the nation's enhanced support of free market capitalism.〔Weeks, J. (2007). (Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD countries ). In J. K. S. & J. Baudot (Ed.), ''Flat World, Big Gaps'' (159–174). New York: ZED Books (published in association with the United Nations).〕〔(Income distribution and poverty – OECD ). OECD〕〔("Can Domestic Policy Affect Income Distribution?" ) by Timothy Noah, ''The New Republic'' (March 13, 2012) * "Among the industrial democracies where income inequality is increasing, it's much worse in the United States than it is almost anywhere else. Among 34 nations recently surveyed by the OECD, the United States got beat only by Turkey, Mexico, and Chile. That's as measured by the Gini coefficient, and including taxes and government transfer payments." Note: inequality is higher in less economically developed countries such as Turkey, Mexico, Chile, which are also members of the OECD〕〔Maxwell Strachan (May 1, 2014). (The U.S. Is Even More Unequal Than You Realized ). ''The Huffington Post.'' Retrieved May 1, 2014.〕〔 According to the CBO and others, "the precise reasons for the () rapid growth in income at the top are not well understood",〔(Congressional Budget Office: Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 ). October 2011. p. xi〕〔(The Great Divergence ) By Timothy Noah〕 but "in all likelihood," an "interaction of multiple factors" was involved.〔(Congressional Budget Office: Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 ). October 2011. p. 13〕 "Researchers have offered several potential rationales."〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Yellen, J. L. (November 6, 2006). Speech to the Center for the Study of Democracy at the University of California, Irvine. ''Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco''. )〕 Some of these rationales conflict, some overlap.〔(Inequality in America. The rich, the poor and the growing gap between them ) June 15, 2006〕 They include: * the ''globalization'' hypothesis – low skilled American workers have been losing ground in the face of competition from low-wage workers in Asia and other "emerging" economies;〔 * ''skill-biased technological change'' – the rapid pace of progress in information technology has increased the demand for the highly skilled and educated so that income distribution favored brains rather than brawn;〔 * the ''superstar'' hypothesis – modern technologies of communication often turn competition into a tournament in which the winner is richly rewarded, while the runners-up get far less than in the past;〔the ''superstar'' hypothesis was coined by the Chicago economist Sherwin Rosen) used the example of the passing of the hundreds of comedians that made a modest living at live shows in the borscht belt and other places in bygone days that have been replaced by a handful of superstar TV comedians.〕 * ''immigration of less-educated workers'' – relatively high levels of immigration of low skilled workers since 1965 may have reduced wages for American-born high school dropouts;〔estimate by economist George Borjas, quoted in ''Conscience of a Liberal'', p. 34〕 * ''changing institutions and norms'' - Unions were a balancing force, helping ensure wages kept up with productivity and that neither executives nor shareholders were unduly rewarded. Further, societal norms placed constraints on executive pay. This changed as union power declined (the share of unionized workers fell significantly during the Great Divergence, from over 30% to around 12%) and CEO pay skyrocketed (rising from around 40 times the average workers pay in the 1970s to over 350 times in the early 2000s).〔〔(EPI-Lawrence Mishel and Alyssa Davis-CEO Pay Continues to Rise-June 2014 )〕 * ''policy, politics and race'' – movement conservatives increased their influence over the Republican Party beginning in the 1970s, moving it politically rightward. Combined with the Party's expanded political power (enabled by a shift of southern white Democrats to the Republican Party following the passage of Civil Rights legislation in the 1960s), this resulted in more regressive tax laws, anti-labor policies, and further limited expansion of the welfare state relative to other developed nations (e.g., the unique absence of universal healthcare). Paul Krugman put several of these factors into context in January 2015: "Competition from emerging-economy exports has surely been a factor depressing wages in wealthier nations, although probably not the dominant force. More important, soaring incomes at the top were achieved, in large part, by squeezing those below: by cutting wages, slashing benefits, crushing unions, and diverting a rising share of national resources to financial wheeling and dealing...Perhaps more important still, the wealthy exert a vastly disproportionate effect on policy. And elite priorities — obsessive concern with budget deficits, with the supposed need to slash social programs — have done a lot to deepen (stagnation and income inequality )."〔(NYT-Paul Krugman-Twin Peaks Planet-January 1, 2015 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Causes of income inequality in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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